西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版)

城市建筑群能耗模拟通过建立自下而上的建筑能耗模型,可有效地评估不同节能技术在指定城市的节能效果.由于数据有限,城市建筑群能耗模拟一般基于各类型建筑的典型能耗模型.以长沙地区商场建筑为例,主要研究典型能耗模型搭建的方法.首先,对长沙地区商场建筑进行现场调研,包括建筑几何特征、内部功能分区、室内平均温度等.其次,通过调研设计规范与标准,确定商场建筑的围护结构、室内热扰、空调系统、生活热水系统的形式和能效参数.接着,通过对部分商场的分项计量实测数据进行聚类来获取长沙地区商场建筑的运行作息,包括灯光、设备、空调系统的作息.最后,使用SketchUp和OpenStudio软件搭建了典型商场建筑EnergyPlus能耗模型.模拟结果中年均用电量为192.7 kW·h/(m2·a),燃气用量为0.21 GJ/(m2·a),与调研的长沙商场平均用能较为接近.搭建的商场建筑典型能耗模型,将用于评估长沙市所有商场建筑的能耗特点及其未来碳中和路径.

Urban building energy modeling can effectively evaluate the energy-saving effects of different energy-saving technologies in designated cities by establishing bottom-up building energy models. Due to limited data, urban building energy models are typically generated based on prototype energy models of different building types. This paper took the shopping mall buildings in Changsha as an example, and studied the method to develop prototype energy models. First, on-site surveys of shopping mall buildings in Changsha were conducted to obtain such information as the building geometric characteristics, internal zoning, and average indoor temperature setpoints. Secondly, by investigating the design codes and standards, the energy efficiency parameters of the envelope, internal loads, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system(HVAC), and domestic hot water system were determined. Then, by clustering the measured end-use data of some shopping malls, the working schedule of shopping malls in Changsha was obtained, including the working schedule of lighting, equipment and HVAC. Finally, the EnergyPlus energy model of the typical shopping mall building was built by means of SketchUp and OpenStudio software. The simulated annual electricity energy use intensity was 192.7 kW·h/m2 and the annual natural gas use intensity was 0.21 GJ/m2, which was closer to the surveyed energy use intensity of Changsha shopping malls. The prototype energy model of shopping malls built in this paper will be used to evaluate the energy consumption characteristics of all shopping malls in Changsha and their future carbon neutralization paths.

引言
1 研究方法
2 模型搭建与模拟结果分析
3 结论

图1 研究技术路线
Fig.1 Research Workflow

图2 商场几何参数调研<br/>Fig.2 Geometrical parameters of shopping malls

图2 商场几何参数调研
Fig.2 Geometrical parameters of shopping malls

图3 商场建筑的窗墙比<br/>Fig.3 Window to wall ratio of shopping malls

图3 商场建筑的窗墙比
Fig.3 Window to wall ratio of shopping malls

图4 长沙部分商场楼层平面图<br/>Fig.4 Floor plan of some shopping malls in Changsha

图4 长沙部分商场楼层平面图
Fig.4 Floor plan of some shopping malls in Changsha

图5 40栋商场建筑内部功能分区及占比统计<br/>Fig.5 Internal function zoning and proportion statistics of 40 shopping mall buildings

图5 40栋商场建筑内部功能分区及占比统计
Fig.5 Internal function zoning and proportion statistics of 40 shopping mall buildings

表1 围护结构和空调系统参数设定<br/>Tab.1 Setting of envelope structure and air conditioning system parameters

表1 围护结构和空调系统参数设定
Tab.1 Setting of envelope structure and air conditioning system parameters

表2 典型商场照明、设备功率和人员密度设定<br/>Tab.2 Lighting power, equipment power and people densities of typical shopping mall

表2 典型商场照明、设备功率和人员密度设定
Tab.2 Lighting power, equipment power and people densities of typical shopping mall

图6 设备和照明电耗聚类数k值对应的DB指标<br/>Fig.6 DB index corresponding to cluster number k of equipment and lighting power consumption

图6 设备和照明电耗聚类数k值对应的DB指标
Fig.6 DB index corresponding to cluster number k of equipment and lighting power consumption

图7 照明用电典型负荷曲线<br/>Fig.7 Typical load curves of lighting energy consumption

图7 照明用电典型负荷曲线
Fig.7 Typical load curves of lighting energy consumption

图8 商场建筑照明作息典型模式<br/>Fig.8 Typical schedule of lightings in shopping malls

图8 商场建筑照明作息典型模式
Fig.8 Typical schedule of lightings in shopping malls

图9 设备用电典型负荷曲线<br/>Fig.9 Typical load curves of equipment energy consumption

图9 设备用电典型负荷曲线
Fig.9 Typical load curves of equipment energy consumption

图10 商场建筑设备作息典型模式<br/>Fig.10 Typical schedule of equipment in shopping mall

图10 商场建筑设备作息典型模式
Fig.10 Typical schedule of equipment in shopping mall

图11 不同功能分区人员作息模式(数据来自[15][22])<br/>Fig.11 Work and rest patterns of staff in different functional areas(The data are from literature [15][22])

图11 不同功能分区人员作息模式(数据来自[15][22])
Fig.11 Work and rest patterns of staff in different functional areas(The data are from literature [15][22])

表3 典型商场设计参数设定<br/>Tab.3 Temperature set points and ventilation requirement of typical shopping malls

表3 典型商场设计参数设定
Tab.3 Temperature set points and ventilation requirement of typical shopping malls

图12 典型商场建筑的几何模型<br/>Fig.12 A geometric model of a typical shopping mall building

图12 典型商场建筑的几何模型
Fig.12 A geometric model of a typical shopping mall building

图13 典型商场模型各分项用电量(kW·h/(m2·a)<br/>Fig.13 Energy use intensities by end-uses of typical shopping mall model

图13 典型商场模型各分项用电量(kW·h/(m2·a)
Fig.13 Energy use intensities by end-uses of typical shopping mall model

图14 典型建筑能耗模型各分项逐月电耗指标<br/>Fig.14 Monthly energy use intensities of each end-use of typical shopping mall building

图14 典型建筑能耗模型各分项逐月电耗指标
Fig.14 Monthly energy use intensities of each end-use of typical shopping mall building

图15 典型建筑能耗模型逐月燃气能耗<br/>Fig.15 Monthly gas energy use intensities of typical shopping mall building

图15 典型建筑能耗模型逐月燃气能耗
Fig.15 Monthly gas energy use intensities of typical shopping mall building

表4 不同地区商场建筑的能耗水平统计<br/>Tab.4 Statistics of energy use intensities of shopping mall buildings in different areas

表4 不同地区商场建筑的能耗水平统计
Tab.4 Statistics of energy use intensities of shopping mall buildings in different areas

[1] 清华大学建筑节能研究中心. 中国建筑节能年度发展研究报告2020[M]. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2020.
[2]中国建筑节能协会. 中国建筑能耗研究报告2020[J]. 建筑节能, 2020, 49(2): 1-6.
[3]CARNIELETTO L, FERRANDO M, TESO L, et al. Italian prototype building models for urban scale building performance simulation[J]. Building and Environment, 2021, 192: 107590.
[4]陈智博, 沙华晶, 许鹏, 等. 中国公共建筑的建筑典型模型建立[J]. 建筑节能, 2020, 48(2): 97-99,106.
[5]桂晨曦, 燕达, 郭偲悦等. 基于实际用能特征的北京地区典型建筑模型研究[J]. 建筑科学, 2020, 36(6): 14-22.
[6]U.S. Energy Information Administration. Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey(CBECS)Survey letter Report[M].Washington,DC:National Academies press,2019.
[7]U.S. Energy Information Administration. Residential Energy Consumption Survey[M]. Washington,DC:Nation Academies press,2009.
[8]U.S. Department of Energy. Prototype Building Models[M]. Washington,DC:Freedom of Information Act.2013.
[9]LÜ Y, PENG H, HE M, et al. Definition of typical commercial building for South China's Pearl River Delta: Local data statistics and model development[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2019, 190: 119-131.
[10]PENG H, HE M, LI M, et al. Investigation on spatial distributions and occupant schedules of typical residential districts in South China's Pearl River Delta[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2020, 209: 109710.
[11]朱丽, 张吉强, 杨洋, 等. 天津地区高校建筑用能特性对比研究[J]. 建筑节能, 2019, 47(8): 58-62,81.
[12]ZHAO J, LASTERNAS B, LAM K P, et al. Occupant behavior and schedule modeling for building energy simulation through office appliance power consumption data mining[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2014, 82: 341-355.
[13]EL Kontar R, RAKHA T. Profiling occupancy patterns to calibrate urban building energy models(UBEMs)using measured data clustering[J]. Technology Architecture and Design, 2018,2(2): 206-217.
[14]BUTTITTA G, TURNER W J N, NEU O, et al. Development of occupancy-integrated archetypes: Use of data mining clustering techniques to embed occupant behaviour profiles in archetypes[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2019, 198: 84-99.
[15]中国建筑科学研究院. 公共建筑节能设计标准:GB50189-2015[M]. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2015.
[16]DERU M, FIELD K, STUDER D, et al. U.S. Department of energy commercial reference building models of the national building stock[R]. Washingtom,DC:National Renewable Energy Laboratory,2011:1-47.
[17]刘倩, 杨昌智, 胡攀. 长沙市商场建筑能耗影响因素与预测模型构建研究[J]. 建筑科学, 2017, 33(12): 96-102,109.
[18]中国建筑科学研究院. 建筑照明设计标准:GB50034-2013[S]. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2013.
[19]中国建筑科学研究院. 公共建筑节能设计标准:GB50189-2005[S]. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2005.
[20]ZEFERINA V, WOOD F R, EDWARDS R, et al. Sensitivity analysis of cooling demand applied to a large office building[J]. Energy and Buildings, 2021, 235: 110703.
[21]YANG T, PAN Y, MAO J, et al. An automated optimization method for calibrating building energy simulation models with measured data: Orientation and a case study[J]. Applied Energy, 2016, 179: 1220-1231.
[22]郑林涛, 赵立华. 夏热冬暖地区大型商场人员作息调研及分析[J]. 暖通空调, 2020, 50(3): 87-94,110.
[23]黄斌. 广东地区大型商场建筑能耗模拟与节能研究[D].广州:广州大学,2019.
[24]曲继晓, 楚广明, 田顺, 等. 山东省某商场建筑能耗调研及结果分析[J]. 区域供热, 2017(2): 85-89.
[25]仇铮, 倪文晖. 无锡市公共建筑能耗统计分析研究[J]. 建筑节能, 2020, 48(6): 84-88.

备注

引言

1 研究方法

2 模型搭建与模拟结果分析

3 结论

期刊信息